Drag'n'Drop with mouse events

Drag’n’Drop is a great interface solution. Taking something and dragging and dropping it is a clear and simple way to do many things, from copying and moving documents (as in file managers) to ordering (dropping items into a cart).

In the modern HTML standard there’s a section about Drag and Drop with special events such as dragstart, dragend, and so on.

These events allow us to support special kinds of drag’n’drop, such as handling dragging a file from OS file-manager and dropping it into the browser window. Then JavaScript can access the contents of such files.

But native Drag Events also have limitations. For instance, we can’t prevent dragging from a certain area. Also we can’t make the dragging “horizontal” or “vertical” only. And there are many other drag’n’drop tasks that can’t be done using them. Also, mobile device support for such events is very weak.

So here we’ll see how to implement Drag’n’Drop using mouse events.

Drag’n’Drop algorithm

The basic Drag’n’Drop algorithm looks like this:

1. On mousedown – prepare the element for moving, if needed (maybe create a clone of it, add a class to it or whatever).
2. Then on mousemove move it by changing left/top with position:absolute.
3. On mouseup – perform all actions related to finishing the drag’n’drop.

These are the basics. Later we’ll see how to add other features, such as highlighting current underlying elements while we drag over them.

Here’s the implementation of dragging a ball:

ball.onmousedown = function(event) {
  // (1) prepare to moving: make absolute and on top by z-index
  ball.style.position = 'absolute';
  ball.style.zIndex = 1000;

  // move it out of any current parents directly into body
  // to make it positioned relative to the body
  document.body.append(ball);

  // centers the ball at (pageX, pageY) coordinates
  function moveAt(pageX, pageY) {
    ball.style.left = pageX - ball.offsetWidth / 2 + 'px';
    ball.style.top = pageY - ball.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px';
  }

  // move our absolutely positioned ball under the pointer
  moveAt(event.pageX, event.pageY);

  function onMouseMove(event) {
    moveAt(event.pageX, event.pageY);
  }

  // (2) move the ball on mousemove
  document.addEventListener('mousemove', onMouseMove);

  // (3) drop the ball, remove unneeded handlers
  ball.onmouseup = function() {
    document.removeEventListener('mousemove', onMouseMove);
    ball.onmouseup = null;
  };

};

If we run the code, we can notice something strange. On the beginning of the drag’n’drop, the ball “forks”: we start dragging its “clone”.

Here’s an example in action:

Try to drag’n’drop with the mouse and you’ll see such behavior.

That’s because the browser has its own drag’n’drop support for images and some other elements. It runs automatically and conflicts with ours.

To disable it:

ball.ondragstart = function() {
  return false;
};

Now everything will be all right.

In action:

Another important aspect – we track mousemove on document, not on ball. From the first sight it may seem that the mouse is always over the ball, and we can put mousemove on it.

But as we remember, mousemove triggers often, but not for every pixel. So after swift move the pointer can jump from the ball somewhere in the middle of document (or even outside of the window).

So we should listen on document to catch it.

Correct positioning

In the examples above the ball is always moved so that its center is under the pointer:

ball.style.left = pageX - ball.offsetWidth / 2 + 'px';
ball.style.top = pageY - ball.offsetHeight / 2 + 'px';

Not bad, but there’s a side effect. To initiate the drag’n’drop, we can mousedown anywhere on the ball. But if “take” it from its edge, then the ball suddenly “jumps” to become centered under the mouse pointer.

It would be better if we keep the initial shift of the element relative to the pointer.

For instance, if we start dragging by the edge of the ball, then the pointer should remain over the edge while dragging.

Let’s update our algorithm:

1. When a visitor presses the button (mousedown) – remember the distance from the pointer to the left-upper corner of the ball in variables shiftX/shiftY. We’ll keep that distance while dragging.

   To get these shifts we can substract the coordinates:

   // onmousedown
   let shiftX = event.clientX - ball.getBoundingClientRect().left;
   let shiftY = event.clientY - ball.getBoundingClientRect().top;

2. Then while dragging we position the ball on the same shift relative to the pointer, like this:

   // onmousemove
   // ball has position:absolute
   ball.style.left = event.pageX - shiftX + 'px';
   ball.style.top = event.pageY - shiftY + 'px';

The final code with better positioning:

ball.onmousedown = function(event) {

  let shiftX = event.clientX - ball.getBoundingClientRect().left;
  let shiftY = event.clientY - ball.getBoundingClientRect().top;

  ball.style.position = 'absolute';
  ball.style.zIndex = 1000;
  document.body.append(ball);

  moveAt(event.pageX, event.pageY);

  // moves the ball at (pageX, pageY) coordinates
  // taking initial shifts into account
  function moveAt(pageX, pageY) {
    ball.style.left = pageX - shiftX + 'px';
    ball.style.top = pageY - shiftY + 'px';
  }

  function onMouseMove(event) {
    moveAt(event.pageX, event.pageY);
  }

  // move the ball on mousemove
  document.addEventListener('mousemove', onMouseMove);

  // drop the ball, remove unneeded handlers
  ball.onmouseup = function() {
    document.removeEventListener('mousemove', onMouseMove);
    ball.onmouseup = null;
  };

};

ball.ondragstart = function() {
  return false;
};

In action (inside <iframe>):

The difference is especially noticeable if we drag the ball by its right-bottom corner. In the previous example the ball “jumps” under the pointer. Now it fluently follows the pointer from the current position.

Potential drop targets (droppables)

In previous examples the ball could be dropped just “anywhere” to stay. In real-life we usually take one element and drop it onto another. For instance, a “file” into a “folder” or something else.

Speaking abstract, we take a “draggable” element and drop it onto “droppable” element.

We need to know:

• where the element was dropped at the end of Drag’n’Drop – to do the corresponding action,
• and, preferably, know the droppable we’re dragging over, to highlight it.

The solution is kind-of interesting and just a little bit tricky, so let’s cover it here.

What may be the first idea? Probably to set mouseover/mouseup handlers on potential droppables?

But that doesn’t work.

The problem is that, while we’re dragging, the draggable element is always above other elements. And mouse events only happen on the top element, not on those below it.

For instance, below are two <div> elements, red one on top of the blue one (fully covers). There’s no way to catch an event on the blue one, because the red is on top:

<style>
  div {
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
  }
</style>
<div style="background:blue" onmouseover="alert('never works')"></div>
<div style="background:red" onmouseover="alert('over red!')"></div>

The same with a draggable element. The ball is always on top over other elements, so events happen on it. Whatever handlers we set on lower elements, they won’t work.

That’s why the initial idea to put handlers on potential droppables doesn’t work in practice. They won’t run.

So, what to do?

There’s a method called document.elementFromPoint(clientX, clientY). It returns the most nested element on given window-relative coordinates (or null if given coordinates are out of the window). If there are multiple overlapping elements on the same coordinates, then the topmost one is returned.

We can use it in any of our mouse event handlers to detect the potential droppable under the pointer, like this:

// in a mouse event handler
ball.hidden = true; // (*) hide the element that we drag

let elemBelow = document.elementFromPoint(event.clientX, event.clientY);
// elemBelow is the element below the ball, may be droppable

ball.hidden = false;

Please note: we need to hide the ball before the call (*). Otherwise we’ll usually have a ball on these coordinates, as it’s the top element under the pointer: elemBelow=ball. So we hide it and immediately show again.

We can use that code to check what element we’re “flying over” at any time. And handle the drop when it happens.

An extended code of onMouseMove to find “droppable” elements:

// potential droppable that we're flying over right now
let currentDroppable = null;

function onMouseMove(event) {
  moveAt(event.pageX, event.pageY);

  ball.hidden = true;
  let elemBelow = document.elementFromPoint(event.clientX, event.clientY);
  ball.hidden = false;

  // mousemove events may trigger out of the window (when the ball is dragged off-screen)
  // if clientX/clientY are out of the window, then elementFromPoint returns null
  if (!elemBelow) return;

  // potential droppables are labeled with the class "droppable" (can be other logic)
  let droppableBelow = elemBelow.closest('.droppable');

  if (currentDroppable != droppableBelow) {
    // we're flying in or out...
    // note: both values can be null
    //   currentDroppable=null if we were not over a droppable before this event (e.g over an empty space)
    //   droppableBelow=null if we're not over a droppable now, during this event

    if (currentDroppable) {
      // the logic to process "flying out" of the droppable (remove highlight)
      leaveDroppable(currentDroppable);
    }
    currentDroppable = droppableBelow;
    if (currentDroppable) {
      // the logic to process "flying in" of the droppable
      enterDroppable(currentDroppable);
    }
  }
}

In the example below when the ball is dragged over the soccer goal, the goal is highlighted.

#gate {
  cursor: pointer;
  margin-bottom: 100px;
  width: 83px;
  height: 46px;
}

#ball {
  cursor: pointer;
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
}

<!doctype html>
<html>

<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>

<body>

  <p>Drag the ball.</p>

  <img src="https://en.js.cx/clipart/soccer-gate.svg" id="gate" class="droppable">

  <img src="https://en.js.cx/clipart/ball.svg" id="ball">

  <script>
    let currentDroppable = null;

    ball.onmousedown = function(event) {

      let shiftX = event.clientX - ball.getBoundingClientRect().left;
      let shiftY = event.clientY - ball.getBoundingClientRect().top;

      ball.style.position = 'absolute';
      ball.style.zIndex = 1000;
      document.body.append(ball);

      moveAt(event.pageX, event.pageY);

      function moveAt(pageX, pageY) {
        ball.style.left = pageX - shiftX + 'px';
        ball.style.top = pageY - shiftY + 'px';
      }

      function onMouseMove(event) {
        moveAt(event.pageX, event.pageY);

        ball.hidden = true;
        let elemBelow = document.elementFromPoint(event.clientX, event.clientY);
        ball.hidden = false;

        if (!elemBelow) return;

        let droppableBelow = elemBelow.closest('.droppable');
        if (currentDroppable != droppableBelow) {
          if (currentDroppable) { // null when we were not over a droppable before this event
            leaveDroppable(currentDroppable);
          }
          currentDroppable = droppableBelow;
          if (currentDroppable) { // null if we're not coming over a droppable now
            // (maybe just left the droppable)
            enterDroppable(currentDroppable);
          }
        }
      }

      document.addEventListener('mousemove', onMouseMove);

      ball.onmouseup = function() {
        document.removeEventListener('mousemove', onMouseMove);
        ball.onmouseup = null;
      };

    };

    function enterDroppable(elem) {
      elem.style.background = 'pink';
    }

    function leaveDroppable(elem) {
      elem.style.background = '';
    }

    ball.ondragstart = function() {
      return false;
    };
  </script>


</body>
</html>

Now we have the current “drop target”, that we’re flying over, in the variable currentDroppable during the whole process and can use it to highlight or any other stuff.

Summary

We considered a basic Drag’n’Drop algorithm.

The key components:

1. Events flow: ball.mousedown → document.mousemove → ball.mouseup (don’t forget to cancel native ondragstart).
2. At the drag start – remember the initial shift of the pointer relative to the element: shiftX/shiftY and keep it during the dragging.
3. Detect droppable elements under the pointer using document.elementFromPoint.

We can lay a lot on this foundation.

• On mouseup we can intellectually finalize the drop: change data, move elements around.
• We can highlight the elements we’re flying over.
• We can limit dragging by a certain area or direction.
• We can use event delegation for mousedown/up. A large-area event handler that checks event.target can manage Drag’n’Drop for hundreds of elements.
• And so on.

There are frameworks that build architecture over it: DragZone, Droppable, Draggable and other classes. Most of them do the similar stuff to what’s described above, so it should be easy to understand them now. Or roll your own, as you can see that that’s easy enough to do, sometimes easier than adapting a third-party solution.